Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies - Revision history

Amin65: /* Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation */

2021-03-03T00:10:37Z

Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation

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	===Neurofeedback===		===Neurofeedback===
	Neurofeedback is another strategy for inducing neuromodulation. In contrast to neurostimulation, neurofeedback does not rely on external components; rather, it is based on controlling certain aspects of the subject's nervous system via reinforced learning. For instance, when the subject is engaged in performing a cognitive task, providing feedback can help the subject to apply volitional effort towards accomplishing the ongoing task.		Neurofeedback is another strategy for inducing neuromodulation. In contrast to neurostimulation, neurofeedback does not rely on external components; rather, it is based on controlling certain aspects of the subject's nervous system via reinforced learning. For instance, when the subject is engaged in performing a cognitive task, providing feedback can help the subject to apply volitional effort towards accomplishing the ongoing task.
			Neurofeedback has proved to be effective for BCI training and alleviating pain.
			<ref>Neuper, Christa, and Gert Pfurtscheller. "Neurofeedback training for BCI control." Brain-computer interfaces (2009): 65-78.</ref>
			<ref>Jensen, Mark P., et al. "Neurofeedback treatment for pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome type I." Journal of Neurotherapy 11.1 (2007): 45-53.</ref>

	=Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies=		=Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies=

Amin65: /* Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation */

2021-03-03T00:08:13Z

Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation

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	===Neurostimulation===		===Neurostimulation===
	Stimulating the nervous system is the most common strategy for inducing neuromodulation. This can be achieved via different approaches, including ~~electrical~~, magnetic, and mechanical stimulation.		Stimulating the nervous system is the most common strategy for inducing neuromodulation. This can be achieved via different approaches, including electric, magnetic, and mechanical stimulation.

	===Neurofeedback===		===Neurofeedback===
			Neurofeedback is another strategy for inducing neuromodulation. In contrast to neurostimulation, neurofeedback does not rely on external components; rather, it is based on controlling certain aspects of the subject's nervous system via reinforced learning. For instance, when the subject is engaged in performing a cognitive task, providing feedback can help the subject to apply volitional effort towards accomplishing the ongoing task.

	=Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies=		=Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies=

Amin65: /* Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation */

2021-03-02T23:33:41Z

Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation

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	<ref>Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. "Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research." Neural plasticity 2014 (2014).</ref>		<ref>Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. "Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research." Neural plasticity 2014 (2014).</ref>
	<ref>Götz, Magdalena, and Wieland B. Huttner. "The cell biology of neurogenesis." Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 6.10 (2005): 777-788.</ref>		<ref>Götz, Magdalena, and Wieland B. Huttner. "The cell biology of neurogenesis." Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 6.10 (2005): 777-788.</ref>
	~~This~~ unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional ~~configuration~~ of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of		Neuroplasticity is the natural mechanism by means of which the nervous system develops and repairs itself. At the same time, this unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional attributes of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area in adaptive neurotechnologies that focus on harnessing this inherent ability and utilizing it to prompt desired changes in the neuronal circuitry.
			<ref>Marder, Eve. "Neuromodulation of neuronal circuits: back to the future." Neuron 76.1 (2012): 1-11.</ref>

	===Neurostimulation===		===Neurostimulation===
	~~(To~~ be ~~completed)~~		Stimulating the nervous system is the most common strategy for inducing neuromodulation. This can be achieved via different approaches, including electrical, magnetic, and mechanical stimulation.

	===Neurofeedback===		===Neurofeedback===
	~~(To be completed)~~

	=Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies=		=Introduction to Adaptive Neurotechnologies=

Amin65: /* Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation */

2021-03-02T22:02:11Z

Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation

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	One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization.		One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization.
	<ref>Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. "Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research." Neural plasticity 2014 (2014).</ref>		<ref>Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. "Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research." Neural plasticity 2014 (2014).</ref>
			<ref>Götz, Magdalena, and Wieland B. Huttner. "The cell biology of neurogenesis." Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 6.10 (2005): 777-788.</ref>
	This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of		This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of

Amin65: /* Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation */

2021-03-02T22:01:13Z

Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation

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	==Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation==		==Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation==
	One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization.		One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization.
	<ref>~~Toga~~, ~~A. W., ''Toga~~, ~~Arthur W~~. ~~Brain mapping~~: ~~An encyclopedic reference'',~~ (~~Academic Press, 2015~~)</ref>		<ref>Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. "Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research." Neural plasticity 2014 (2014).</ref>
	This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of		This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of

Amin65: /* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) */

2021-03-02T22:00:33Z

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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	====Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)====		====Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)====
	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another noninvasive imaging technique that creates a high-definition 3D image of the brain or other internal organs (Toga). The underlying mechanism of MRI is based on the intrinsic magnetic properties of fundamental particles and, in particular, the hydrogen atoms in water molecules. In the presence of a uniform external magnetic field, a secondary nonuniform magnetic field with a certain gradient can be used to evoke electromagnetic radiation, which will reveal the configuration of these atoms (Bruggen). MRI can be used in two main modes: T1-weighted modes are used to detect the water content of tissues, and T2-weighted modes are used to study the fatty tissues. MIR has a much better resolution compared to CT. While brain CT scan is generally used to diagnose acute bleeding or skull fracture, MRI is the ideal method for visualization of more chronic pathological conditions.		Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another noninvasive imaging technique that creates a high-definition 3D image of the brain or other internal organs (Toga). The underlying mechanism of MRI is based on the intrinsic magnetic properties of fundamental particles and, in particular, the hydrogen atoms in water molecules. In the presence of a uniform external magnetic field, a secondary nonuniform magnetic field with a certain gradient can be used to evoke electromagnetic radiation, which will reveal the configuration of these atoms (Bruggen). MRI can be used in two main modes: T1-weighted modes are used to detect the water content of tissues, and T2-weighted modes are used to study the fatty tissues. MIR has a much better resolution compared to CT. While brain CT scan is generally used to diagnose acute bleeding or skull fracture, MRI is the ideal method for visualization of more chronic pathological conditions.
	<ref>~~van~~ Bruggen, Nick, and Roberts, ~~Tim, ''~~Biomedical imaging in experimental neuroscience~~'', (~~CRC Press, 2002.)</ref>		<ref>Van Bruggen, Nick, and Timothy PL Roberts, eds. Biomedical imaging in experimental neuroscience. CRC Press, 2002.</ref>

	===Functional Imaging===		===Functional Imaging===

Amin65 at 21:59, 2 March 2021

2021-03-02T21:59:38Z

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	====Computed Tomography (CT)====		====Computed Tomography (CT)====
	Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can produce detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue, and blood vessels (Toga). Although the term "Computed tomography" might refer to a group of imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (in the most general sense) SPECT), here we only use it to refer to X-ray CT scan. A CT of the brain (and in general any other tissue) entails two steps: in the first step, the scanner uses a rotating X-ray beam to generate cross-sectional images—or "slices"—of the brain. These 2D images are called tomographic images, and they are more informative than conventional X-rays. In the next step, a computer stacks successive slices and creates a 3D image of the brain. CT scan of the brain allows for easier identification and location of basic structures and possible tumors or abnormalities.		Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can produce detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue, and blood vessels (Toga). Although the term "Computed tomography" might refer to a group of imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (in the most general sense) SPECT), here we only use it to refer to X-ray CT scan. A CT of the brain (and in general any other tissue) entails two steps: in the first step, the scanner uses a rotating X-ray beam to generate cross-sectional images—or "slices"—of the brain. These 2D images are called tomographic images, and they are more informative than conventional X-rays. In the next step, a computer stacks successive slices and creates a 3D image of the brain. CT scan of the brain allows for easier identification and location of basic structures and possible tumors or abnormalities.
	<ref>~~Toga, A. W., ''~~Toga, Arthur W. Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference~~'', (~~Academic Press, 2015)</ref>		<ref>Toga, Arthur W. Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference. Academic Press, 2015.</ref>

	====Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)====		====Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)====

Amin65 at 21:58, 2 March 2021

2021-03-02T21:58:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:58, 2 March 2021
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	====Computed Tomography (CT)====		====Computed Tomography (CT)====
	Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can produce detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue, and blood vessels (Toga). Although the term "Computed tomography" might refer to a group of imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (in the most general sense) SPECT), here we only use it to refer to X-ray CT scan. A CT of the brain (and in general any other tissue) entails two steps: in the first step, the scanner uses a rotating X-ray beam to generate cross-sectional images—or "slices"—of the brain. These 2D images are called tomographic images, and they are more informative than conventional X-rays. In the next step, a computer stacks successive slices and creates a 3D image of the brain. CT scan of the brain allows for easier identification and location of basic structures and possible tumors or abnormalities		Computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that can produce detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue, and blood vessels (Toga). Although the term "Computed tomography" might refer to a group of imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography or Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (in the most general sense) SPECT), here we only use it to refer to X-ray CT scan. A CT of the brain (and in general any other tissue) entails two steps: in the first step, the scanner uses a rotating X-ray beam to generate cross-sectional images—or "slices"—of the brain. These 2D images are called tomographic images, and they are more informative than conventional X-rays. In the next step, a computer stacks successive slices and creates a 3D image of the brain. CT scan of the brain allows for easier identification and location of basic structures and possible tumors or abnormalities.
	<ref>Toga, A. W., ''Toga, Arthur W. Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference'', (Academic Press, 2015)</ref>		<ref>Toga, A. W., ''Toga, Arthur W. Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference'', (Academic Press, 2015)</ref>

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	==Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation==		==Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation==
	One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization. <ref> This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of		One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization.
			<ref>Toga, A. W., ''Toga, Arthur W. Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference'', (Academic Press, 2015)</ref>
			This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of

	===Neurostimulation===		===Neurostimulation===

Amin65: /* Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation */

2021-03-02T21:57:03Z

Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 2 March 2021
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	==Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation==		==Interacting with the Nervous System: Neuromodulation==
	One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization. <ref ~~name="Fuchs2014" /~~> This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of		One of the key features of the nervous system is neuroplasticity which is the ability to change through neurogenesis and reorganization. <ref> This unique property allows for inducing changes in the structural and functional configuration of the nervous system. Neuromodulation is the area of

	===Neurostimulation===		===Neurostimulation===

Amin65 at 21:56, 2 March 2021

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	=References=		=References=
	~~{{reflist\|refs=~~		<references />
	<ref name="Fuchs2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Fuchs \|first1=Eberhard \|last2=Flügge \|first2=Gabriele \|date=2014 \|title='''Adult Neuroplasticity: More Than 40 Years of Research'''\|journal=Neural Plasticity\|volume=2014\|page=541870 \|doi=10.1155/2014/541870\|pmid=24883212 \|pmc=4026979 }}</~~ref~~>

	}}